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Going by the photos I would say your brushes have worn out and this has caused excessive arcing on the commutator.
It is reasonably common for a starter motor to just stop working as yours did or sometimes they can give the symptom of turning the engine over a little bit slower during cranking.
There is not much really you can test before you get the starter motor sorted, except maybe the start circuit and main engine and body earths, but I would guess they have already done this, as this is how they found the problem with the starter motor.
In the photo of the commutator the damage looks to severe to be machined out, I would recommend replacing the starter motor or maybe a second hand starter???