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Hi Lucas,
If you have transmitted without an antenna you may have damaged the transmitters output amplifier, most modern radios can cope with transmitting without an antenna for short periods without damage. If you have damaged the radio you should still be able to receive ok but only be able to transmit for a short distance, if you are also having trouble receiving that sounds like a faulty antenna or cable.
The way to test it is with a SWR meter, if you were in Adelaide I could check it out for you, not sure what you could test yourself. Who installed your aerial? What sort of antenna do you have?
A "Ground Plain Independent Antenna" is the best to use as this will work more effectively in all directions and I find they work best on a gutter bracket rather than on the bulbar. I use an RFI elevated feed ground plain independent antenna and have two whips, one a 6.5 dB and the other a 1/4 wave and swap them over depending on what I am doing- 6.5 on the highway, 1/4 wave when 4wding. This link shows the difference-http://www.rfi.com.au/consumer/gain.html
Wiring to the battery is best as you have less voltage drop, positive to battery via fuse and negative to a good earth point close to the battery.
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